A total of seven horses met the criteria for inclusion, including two Thoroughbreds, one Arabian X, one Welsh Pony, one Riding Pony, one Standardbred and one Warmblood. There were three geldings and...
When a horse ingests or inhales S. equi, the bacteria move quickly to the lymph nodes around the head – most commonly the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. By entering a lymph node,...
The first cervical vertebra (C1) or atlas has no ‘body’ or articular processes, though the cranial fovea articulate with the occipital condyles, and has a flattened shape caudocranially, with two...
Sacroiliac joints are atypical diarthrodial joints, forming the articulation between the ventral aspect of the ilium and the sacral wing (Figure 1). The sacroiliac joint is angled at approximately 30°...
Data from 30 horses were included in the analysis. The sample consisted of 12 mares and 18 geldings of mixed breeds (10 Warmblood, four Thoroughbred, seven Cob, three Connemara ponies and six Irish...
The causes of injury during the time a bandage is on and once it has been removed can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary injury refers to the time that the bandage is still in place, when...
Considering the signalment of the horse is important in order to identify any aspects which may affect anaesthetic risk. Studies have identified the following to be associated with higher risks during...
For diagnostic analgesia to be correctly interpreted, the horse must have a consistent lameness from which an improvement can clearly be seen. It can be difficult to appreciate an improvement in very...
The science of human behaviour change incorporates a breadth and depth of different disciplines and expertise that we can learn from, first to understand behaviour and then how to change it (Figure...
This occurs when the aryepiglottic membrane envelopes the rostral aspect of the epiglottis (Figure 1). The treatment for this is to transect the membrane to release the entrapped epiglottis; there are...
Ruet (2019) considers there to be four behavioural indicators of poor welfare state in horses: stereotypic behaviour, aggression toward humans, withdrawn state and the expression of stress...
A useful way of thinking about how change happens is to divide it into stages, as in the stages of change model (Prochaska and Velicer, 1997; DiClemente and Prochaska, 1998) (Table 1)..