During intrauterine life, fetal circulation allows for oxygen and nutrient transport from the placenta through the umbilical vein (Figure 1) (Tan and Lewandowski, 2020). Oxygenated and nutrient-rich...
Heart murmurs are a common finding in horses. Physiological aortic flow murmurs are the most common murmur, found in 60-80% of horses. One of the key steps is to determine whether the murmur is...
A good quality ECG trace makes interpretation much easier (Verheyen et al, 2010). The fundamental principles are ensuring that the ECG pads have good contact with the horse and limiting movement...