The mouth and teeth have two main functions: to chew food and to lubricate food with saliva. While no enzymatic digestion or absorption occurs at this time, mastication still represents the initial...
The hoof wall consists of three layers of horn (Pollitt, 1998; Reilly, 1998):.
Although vitamin E is essential in equine diets, deficiency alone does not reliably cause disease. Many horses do not exhibit any clinical signs of disease associated with a vitamin E deficiency...
Although the word placenta technically refers to the fetal and maternal components, it refers to just the fetal parts in common usage. Hence, for the purpose of this paper, the fetal membranes will be...
Clinical signs associated with sand accumulation can be varied, nonspecific and often overlap with other presentations of gastrointestinal diseases. One of the most common presentations is acute colic...