Equid endodontic anatomy and how it changes with age have been well described (Dacre et al, 2008; Windley et al, 2009; Kopke et al, 2012; Englisch et al, 2018) with simpler endodontic anatomy in...
There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac and skeletal. Smooth and cardiac muscles are controlled by involuntary neural stimulation. Skeletal muscle is controlled by conscious, voluntary neural...
The prevalence of both obese and overweight horses is high (Giles et al, 2014; Potter et al, 2016). However, how this is categorised and reported could be clearer, as defining whether a horse is...
Type 1 PSSM was first described in detail by Valberg et al (1992) and is associated with a dominant mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase gene (GYS1). This gene mutation causes excessive...
Ocular disease, particularly corneal diseases, can result in significant discomfort. While the pain level of the horse with his eye clamped shut who will not allow you anywhere near him is easy to...
European adders (Vipera berus berus, Figure 1) are most active in the summer. Although relatively common in dogs, envenomation from an adder bite can also occur in large animals including horses....
Horses have a greater susceptibility for salmonellosis while undergoing antibiotic treatment. Other risk factors are abdominal surgery, stress (for example as a result of transport or heat),...
Several factors can contribute to the development of intra-operative hypotension in horses. These may include administration of inhalational anaesthetic agents and some sedatives, controlled...
Fractures of the distal phalanx (pedal bone) usually occur as a result of trauma such as kicking a solid object, standing on a stone or fast exercise on hard ground. Horses may present with similar...
Medical maggots are the same species as those responsible for fly strike, but they are produced to be clinically sterile for use in hospitals and outpatient settings (Hinshaw, 2000)..
Currently, the most common time for people to improve their biosecurity is during and immediately after experiencing an outbreak (Figure 2). Client information events are likely to see good attendance...
Over the years, there has been a wide range of sources for parasite control advice. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the interval treatment dogma prevailed, largely led by marketing campaigns from...