Today, it is understood that osteoarthritis is a disease of the entire joint, including cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, synovial membrane and periarticular tissues. It is recognised as...
Starch and sugar are classed as non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) and are a main source of energy in a horse's diet. Low amounts of NSCs can be found in natural food sources such as grass and hay,...
Artificial intelligence has the potential to play a significant role in equine welfare, from disease prevention to early detection and individualised treatment. Some tools are already widely used by...
Equine gastric ulcers are reported in all ages and breeds of horse. The incidence of equine squamous gastric disease in researched cohorts is reported to be between 11–92% (Murray et al, 1989;...
As for all radiographic examinations, positioning and preparation is key. The horse should stand squarely on all four legs to avoid rotation of the spine. Furthermore, the head and neck position...
The mammary glands of the mare have a small cistern (storage area) from which the foal nurses throughout the day, with the ejection of milk requiring the release of oxytocin. Healthy foals should...
Ultrasonographic examination is indicated in the investigation of suspected respiratory disease in foals and horses. Clinical findings which might prompt ultrasound investigation would include dull...
Equid endodontic anatomy and how it changes with age have been well described (Dacre et al, 2008; Windley et al, 2009; Kopke et al, 2012; Englisch et al, 2018) with simpler endodontic anatomy in...
There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac and skeletal. Smooth and cardiac muscles are controlled by involuntary neural stimulation. Skeletal muscle is controlled by conscious, voluntary neural...
The prevalence of both obese and overweight horses is high (Giles et al, 2014; Potter et al, 2016). However, how this is categorised and reported could be clearer, as defining whether a horse is...
Type 1 PSSM was first described in detail by Valberg et al (1992) and is associated with a dominant mutation in the skeletal muscle glycogen synthase gene (GYS1). This gene mutation causes excessive...
Ocular disease, particularly corneal diseases, can result in significant discomfort. While the pain level of the horse with his eye clamped shut who will not allow you anywhere near him is easy to...